Dialysis fistula formation is a surgical procedure in which an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is created to provide access for hemodialysis treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

An AVF is a connection made between an artery and a vein in the arm. This connection allows for increased blood flow through the vein, making it larger and stronger, and thus capable of withstanding repeated needle insertions for dialysis treatments. An AVF is the preferred method of vascular access for hemodialysis because it has a lower risk of complications, such as infections, clotting, and aneurysm formation, compared to other forms of vascular access, such as catheters or grafts.

The procedure to create an AVF typically involves an outpatient surgery, in which a surgeon makes a small incision in the arm and connects an artery to a vein, usually in the forearm or upper arm. The surgery usually takes about an hour, and patients can usually return home the same day.

After the procedure, it may take several weeks or months for the fistula to mature and be ready for use. During this time, patients are advised to avoid lifting heavy objects or putting pressure on the arm with the AVF to allow it to heal properly.

Regular monitoring of the AVF is important to ensure that it is functioning properly and to detect any complications early. Patients who have undergone an AVF surgery for dialysis should follow their doctor's instructions for care and maintenance of the fistula to ensure its longevity and effectiveness.